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* Canadian Connection*
Haida Canoes
Tahitian canoes
Many legends describe Hawaii as the homeland of the Polynesian people,
how could a group of islands so far north of the rest of Polynesia be
the the homeland of so many other island cultures?
The answer is; they arrived with favourable winds and currents from Canada.
The possibility that Hawai'i was one of the main entry points into
Polynesia, from Canada has not been given the consideration it deserves.
Archaeological, cultural and genetic evidence suggests there is a strong
connection.
It has also been incorrectly assumed that Hawaii was not discovered
until about 800 AD. Archaeological evidence is pushing back the time of
entry into Hawai'i.
*Terry L. Hunt and Robert M. Holsen* in "An Early Radiocarbon Chronology
for the Hawaiian Islands" States: " . . The corpus of radiocarbon dates
available to date may be suggestive of colonisation of the Hawaiian
Islands significantly earlier than has been generally accepted. Many
archaeologists have shifted their estimate for Hawaiian settlement to
approximately AD 300 - 400, and some recognised the potential for even
earlier dates. One particular date (Gak-258 on charcoal) falls within
the first millennium BC. Another date (Grn-2225 on charcoal) ranges from
AD 127 -249 (range with highest probability), and might represent the
age of initial occupation of the site (Kirch 1985)."
*Similarities between Polynesia and Coastal Canadian cultures*
Archaeological and cultural evidence suggests that there is a strong
connection between Coastal Canada and Polynesia. Both cultures worked in
stone in the same manner, designs of implements were almost identical.
The use of pottery was completely absent in both cultures.
The design and way of manufacture of the following artifacts bear a
striking resemblance:
Tahitian and Haida stone pounders are almost identical.
Stone bowls found in Kaua'i and stone bowls found in the Bella Coola
valley from a pre-existing culture are very similar.
Maori and NW Coastal Indian war clubs both have the gaping angry mouth
motif on the handle.
Tattooing tool kit design indicates Polynesian kit derived from Haida
tattooing implements.
Fish hook design is almost identical.
Fish hook pendants are also identical,
Harpoon heads are similar
Petroglyphs are similar.
Spiritual carvings such as the Tiki is amazingly similar in both cultures.
Large totem poles with figures stacked on top of one another with their
tongues sticking out are common in both Maori and Haida cultures.
Haida and Marquesan carvings have similar shaped eyes and mouths.
Carvings around building entrances where the legs form an archway.
The practice of inlaying of Paua shell into the eyes of figures is a
style used in both cultures.
Maori war canoes are similar in design to Kwakuitl canoes.
The use of calabashes instead of pottery for carrying water is common
to both cultures.
The style plaiting of calabash holders is also similar.
The use of hot rocks to steam and widen canoes, is practiced by both
Maori and Kwakuitl.
Earth ovens are used by both cultures
The unique practice of rubbing noses as a way of greeting is used in
both Maori and some tribes in the Canadian NW. This suggests definite
cultural and spiritual connection.
The use of the glottal stop in speech is similar e.g.; Hawai'i and Haida
Gwai'i.
The practice of head deformation of infants is practised on the NW
Coast, as it is in some parts of Polynesia.
Polynesians and NW Coastal Indians have similar blood: No B, high A,
high M, high R2, moderate Fya.
*Stone Pounders*
Similarities between Polynesian and NW Indian stone pounders,
all pistures here are from American Indians in the Pacific by Thor
Heyerdahl.
*Clubs*
Northwest Coastal Indian war clubs
Maori war clubs (Patu) Hawaiian
clubs
*Spiritual carvings*
NW Coast Tiki early Maori Tiki Haida
Totem poles.
Recent studies have revealed that the majority of Eastern Polynesian
genes originated from Canada about 2200 years ago. Physical appearances
of these people do concur with this. *S.W. Serjeantson* ?The
Colonization of the Pacific, A Genetic Trail;"HLA-Bw48 is commonly found
in Polynesian populations, but is absent in Melanesia. The only other
known population with an appreciable frequency of Bw48 is the Tlingit,
Haida and Kwakuitl along the coast of Canada and Alaska. In Polynesia
Bw48 co-occurs with A11." This separation occurred 2,200 years ago and
indicates a variation since Polynesians departed Canada.
Polynesian, Fatuhiva . NW Coastal Indian Girl Douglas Tribe Br
Columbia Maori youth
Maori Chief Kwakuitl, Quatsino Sound Maori
youth Nitinat tribe, Br.Columbia
*Legendary Evidence*
I am repeating this legend here because of its importance to the history
of the Hawaiians.
"The ancient history of Hookumu Ka Lani & Hookumu Ka Honua" by *Solomon
L.K.Peleioholani.*
(Solomon L.K.Peleioholani was considered an important Hawaiian
antiquarian, and the final word in Hawaiian genealogy, especially of the
chiefs and royal familes. He was a High Chief, and in many ways both the
pinnacle and terminus of the old royal blood lines from Maui, Oahu,
Hawaii, and Kauai. His grandparents were among those who sided with
Kamehameha the Conqueror to achieve unity of the islands. His father was
an uncle to the Kings Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V and he was himself
one of the highest ranking chiefs in the Hawaiian Islands.")
"The ancestors of the Hawaiian race came not from the islands the South
Pacific ? for the immigrants from that direction were late arrivals
there. ? but from the northern direction (welau lani), that is, from the
land of Kalonakikeke, now known as Alaska.
According to this tradition, a great flood that occurred during the
reign of Kahiko- Luamea on the continent of Ka-Houpo-o-Kane, (the bosom
of Kane) and carried away a floating log of wood named Konikonihia. On
this log was a precious human cargo and it came to rest on the land of
Kalonakikeke (Alaska).
On this log was the first man and woman who came to Kalonakikeke from
the continent of Ka-Houpo-o-Kane, they were Kalonakiko-ke ("Mr Alaska")
and his wife Hoomoe-a-pule ("woman of my dreams"). They were said to be
high chiefs of the countries of Kanaka-Hikina (person of the east) and
Kanaka-Komohana (person of the west) and were descended from the great
great ancestor Huka-ohialaka.
Many generations later, Chief Nuu, travelled with his wife, Lilinoe,
their three sons and their three wives in a canoe called
Ka-Waa-Halau-Alii-O-Ka-Moku (the royal canoe of the continent), and it
rested apon Mauna Kea (white mountain), on the island of Hawaii.They
were the first Hawaiians.
According to Hawaiian genealogies, Chief Nuu lived approximately 2,200
years ago. This concurs exactly with the genetic evidence. His complete
family tree lives on to this day in the families of Hawaii, such as the
Kekoolani Family.
(Information kindly provided by ?The Kekoolani Family Trust of Waipio
Valley, Hamakua, Hawaii?). This vital historical information shows that
Hawaii was the crucible of Polynesian society and was in fact the "Heart
of Polynesia".
This little gem was found by honourable Yuri Kuchinsky.
*Irving Goldman*, author of "Ancient Polynesian Society", has this to
say on the comparison between Kwakuitl and the Polynesians. "For reasons
that remain to be discovered, the Indian tribes of this area [NW Coast]
share formal principles of rank, lineage, and kinship with Pacific
islanders. The Kwakiutl, seem very close to what I have designated as
the "traditional" Polynesian society. They share with Polynesians a
status system of graded hereditary ranking of individuals and of
lineages; a social class system of chiefs ("nobles"), commoners, and
slaves; concepts of primogeniture and seniority of descent lines; a
concept of abstract supernatural powers as special attributes of chiefs;
and a lineage system that leans toward patriliny, but acknowledges the
maternal lines as well. Finally, Kwakiutl and eastern Polynesians,
especially, associate ambiguity of lineage membership with "Hawaiian"
type kinship, a fully classificatory system that does not distinguish
between maternal and paternal sides, or between siblings and cousins."
This is quite a list of very specific anthropological similarities. All
this can be explained very parsimoniously by the derivation of the
Hawaiians from the Kwakiutl.
There can be no doubt that the people of Hawai'i came from somewhere
very near to Haida-gwai'i.
*Thor Heyerdahl*, "American Indians in the Pacific" has this to say; "On
the Canadian Northwest Coast, there are place names which sound very
Hawai'ian such as the Island of Haida Gwai'i, the Straits of Tonga'as
and Hakai'i Channel. The tribes of the area bear a striking physical
resemblance to the Polynesians. They are called the Haida and the
Kwakuitl, but not only that, their social structure is the same; even
their woodcarving and stone tools are similar. In the middle of this
area is the Hakai'i Channel, a highly sought after fishing ground. The
mainland, directly behind this rich fishing ground, is now the territory
of the Bella Coola Indians, a Salish tribe, whose homeland was further
south. Their territory divides Kwakuitl territory in two. In this
valley, are the remains of a pre-existing culture, with stone implements
strikingly similar to the Proto-Polynesians. The fact that a strong
wedge of an alien tribe was in possession of the principal valley inside
Kwakuitl territory, suggests that the area was fought over and the tribe
there lost. The only escape from the steep sided valley is by sea.
Kwakiutl canoes bear a striking resemblance to Maori war canoes. With
two canoes strapped together to form the prototype of the Polynesian
catamaran, prevailing ocean currents and a summertime NE Tradewind
behind them, they could have quite easily travelled the distance to
Hawai'i.(To this day Douglas fir is washed up on the shores of Hawai'i
on a regular basis).
Legends suggest that Chief Nuu, his wife, three sons and their wives
were intending to sail back to their ancestral homeland and as Hawaii
was at the same lattitude as Ka-Houpo-o-Kane (Taiwan), they assumed they
had arrived back at their now partially sunken ancestral homeland.
The closeness of the islands would have created a perfect environment
for honing their sailing and navigational skills and perfecting the
ocean going catamaran. Legend has it that Tahiti (distant land) was
discovered from Hawaii and the Tuamotus (back and off to the side) were
discovered on their return journey. The Hokulea' re-enacted this voyage,
inspired by David Lewis, author of "We the Navigators". This was
contrary to the anthropologists assertions that Hawai'i must have been
discovered from Tahiti.
"The possibility that the Charlotte Sounds may have been a port of entry
for tribes migrating from Asia, an alternative route to the Bering land
bridge and mid continental corridor, with mounting evidence of refugia,
Scholars, such as *Dr George MacDonald* - director of Canada's Museum of
Civilisation, believe that the Charlottes, during the next decade may
well prove central to the quest for major discoveries on man's entry
into North America" - - - - and the Pacific. (Nat Geog, July 1987).
Haida legend has it that the first men were discovered by the Raven
(Haida totem) in a clamshell on a sandspit at the Northeast tip of
Graham Island. The Raven coaxed the first man from a clamshell at the
beach of Naikoon - the Raven, a curious and gluttonous prankster pries
open a giant clamshell to reveal the tangled bodies of men writhing to
get out.
At the NE tip of the Charlottes, is a finger of sand, reaching out into
the converging currents of Dixon Entrance and Hecate Strait. This would
be a logical place for hungry travellers to be washed up after a long
voyage from Asia. Their behaviour of either sheltering or trying to
remove the last morsel of meat from the clam is consistent with men who
have just ended a long and painful journey in a bamboo sailing craft.
A Tlingit legend very aptly describes how the first proto Polynesians
came to Canada:
"There is an old story that says how some strange people came from the
western ocean. Among them were two sisters. They landed on Dall Island
in Southeastern Alaska. There the sisters met and married men whose
people were coming down the rivers from interior North America. One
sister-went with her family to Haida-gwaii or the Queen Charlotte
Islands. Her children grew and multiplied into the Haida Nation. The
other sister went with her family to Prince of Wales Island. She became
the ancestress or Mother of the Tlingit Nation." (The Proud Chilkat by
*Brendan and Lauri Larson*. 1977.)
Manfred Kayser, Silke Brauer, Gunter Weiss, Peter A. Underhill, Lutz
Roewer, Wulf Schiefenhövel and Mark Stoneking: "HLA genes in Polynesia
appear to show Asian rather than Melanesian origin. For example, a
particular allele, HLA DRB1-0901, was observed at high frequency in
Polynesians, a moderate frequency in mainland Asia, but was rare in
Melanesian populations.
Although Polynesian genes are very similar to Taiwanese genes, the
Taiwanese aboriginal people carried a different set of markers to either
the Polynesians or the Micronesians, indicating a divergence and
expansion in the populations about 6000 years ago.
This is in perfect agreement with archaeological and linguistic data,
which suggest that the Polynesians left the Taiwan area about 6,000
years ago, prior to mongoloid expansion. Reduced genetic diversity in
Polynesians has also been reported for many other genetic markers,
indicating two genetic bottlenecks, one 6000 years ago, with another one
2,200 years ago, which is associated with a rapid population growth ?
this is the time they arrived in Polynesia."
Kwakuitl chief Tahitian Chief
Marquesan chief Tlingit chief
TheKwakuitl chief suggests ancient Korean genes, wheras the Marquesan
and Tlingit chiefs suggest
ancient Shizuoka genes (see genetic evidence).
Therefore it seems quite obvious that Proto-Polynesians spent 4000 years
living along the coasts of Alaska and Canada, which is the only region
on the Pacific rim where tribes share the same cultural and
technological characteristics as the Polynesians.
From these findings, there can be no doubt that the Kuroshio current
played a big part in Polynesias pre- history, and that somewhere near to
the island of Haida gwai'i, Canada, was the homeland of the Hawai'ians.
The mounting evidence connecting the Polynesians with the Northwest
Coastal Indians of Canada is now too much to ignore. It is one of their
most likely homelands before their entry into the Pacific about 200BC.
But that is not all the story. There is evidence to suggest that a
tattooed Austronesian culture, using catamarans frequented the coastline
of Europe. The Etruscans were a maritime Asian culture living in Italy
before the Romans, they have been deliberately ignored in the history
books. The Picts of Scotland wore Tattoos (an Asian invention) that are
very similar in design to the Maoris and there are petroglyphs of
Catamarans in Norway. The trade route from the Indian ocean via
Madagascar to Mauritiana was known to have been used by Austronesians,
so the possibility that a Polynesian related culture was trading as far
north as Norway is a distinct possibility.
*Petroglyphs*
**
Petroglyph of outrigger canoe, Norway. from America B.C. by Barry Fell
Similarities between Bella Coola Valley, Marquesan petroglyphs and
Petroglyphs of catamarans from Norway.What is the connection between the
Tattooed Picts of Scotland and this ancient Catamaran culture of Norway,
and what is their connection to the Maori?
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