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Andromeda, the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way, is shown here in
this wide-field optical image from Kitt Peak.
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/MPE/W.Pietsch et al; Optical:
NOAO/AURA/NSF/T.Rector & B.A.Wolpa
Dark Matter-Dark Currents
Dec 31, 2008
*In his now-famous 1962 essay, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,
Thomas Kuhn proposed that the common idea of scientific progress as a
continuous, albeit bumpy, approach toward the truth or toward reality
failed to explain particular historical episodes that were discontinuous.*
Kuhn wrote, "[S]cience has included bodies of belief quite incompatible
with the ones we hold today." These beliefs were "produced by the same
sorts of methods and held for the same sorts of reasons" as are today's
beliefs. And this "makes it difficult to see scientific development as a
process of accretion."
He goes on to describe "revolutions" in science, and he notes that
theories on opposite sides of a revolution are "incommensurable."
Because the worldview of a theory colors the facts, selects the problems
to be solved, and defines the acceptability of solutions, there are no
scientific criteria to justify judging one theory to be closer to the
truth than another.
Nevertheless, scientists do judge one theory to be "more true" than
another. At times of revolution, this judgment is transferred from an
accepted theory to a novel theory, and pieces of the old theory are
reinterpreted in the light of the new worldview to be precursors to the
new more true theory.
What are overlooked are non-scientific criteria for choosing one theory
to be more apt or useful with respect to evolving goals and cultural
conditions. While theories cannot legitimately be judged by the
standards of another theory, they can be compared with respect to the
problems, performance, and promise of each one judged by its own standards.
This is the same kind of judgment that a cook uses in the produce
department when deciding whether to buy turnips or asparagus. The facts,
the problems, and the potential solutions are incommensurable among
theories, but scientists' interest and curiosity, shaped by the
surrounding conditions of life in a particular time and place, lead them
to decide among the offerings.
Recourse, then, is not to facts or to compatibility with some "already
known" but to differences in vision and promise. This series of Pictures
of the Day will contrast such differences between presently accepted
theories and Electric Universe theories.
The image above is of the nearby spiral galaxy in Andromeda. From the
viewpoint of gravity theories, what you don't see is more important than
what you do. A black hole
at the center of
the galaxy pulls in matter and squeezes it until it explodes with a
superabundance of radiation. A halo of dark matter
surrounds the galaxy and causes the stars in the spiral arms to revolve
at the same velocity. The quasars, small galaxies, and gas clouds that
stretch out
along the rotation axis far from the galaxy are coincidental alignments
of background objects. The blue shift
of the
galaxy indicates that it is moving toward us.
From the viewpoint of an Electric Universe, what you don't see also is
important. A plasma focus
mechanism at the center pulls in current and squeezes it until it
explodes in a superabundance of radiation. The pinch effect
in
plasma currents causes filaments to form, and these
you can see. A persistent current can only exist in a circuit, so the
spiral arms are "feeder" currents that complete the circuit to the center.
These currents are
in "dark mode" and therefore are invisible, like dark matter. But unlike
dark matter, dark mode currents can be investigated in a lab. Lab dark
currents are a source of copious microwave radiation; so, the cosmic
microwave background
radiation,
which the Big Bang theory identifies as a distant remnant of its secular
"Genesis story," is likely a microwave "fog" generated locally by the
web of currents in our own galaxy's spiral arms.
Because these currents are also subject to the pinch effect and to
concomitant instabilities, stars
(cosmic ball
lightning) form along them. Since electrical forces, not gravity, drive
them, they all have the same velocity. The plasma focus at the center
repeatedly discharges its accumulating charge by ejecting blobs
and streams of plasma along its spin axis.
Because the electrical stress among these blobs varies in a resonant,
step-wise manner, their radiation shows a quantized variation
of redshifts. The blueshift
of
the galaxy, one quantum step from the sequence of redshifts that ends
with the Milky Way at zero, indicates that the Milky Way may be one of
the first objects ejected from the Andromeda galaxy.