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Welcome to the Electric Universe <http://www.the-electric-universe.info>

SUMMARY

The astonishing development of astronomy often shows beautiful
filament-systems. All these filaments have an exact circular cross
section, they mostly transport matter against gravity. They are normally
seen to be of plasma, but the physics of these filaments suggests a
non-thermal, a fifth state of matter in which particles have 10^21 times
higher energy than those in the hottest stellar plasma.

INTRODUCTION

Ice is transformed to water at 0°C when the energy of its molecules
(particles) increases. Water is similarly transformed to vapour at 100°C
(Fig.1). Much stronger zig-zag motion of the particles separates and
ionises hydrogen and oxygen i.e. plasma comes into existence (above 13
000 K). Do all bodies fit one of these four states of matter even when
strongly heated ?

This year, the solar corona-problem is 60 years old. The solar corona -
which floats visibly during the solar eclipse as a pale green fire -
does not fall onto the solar surface. Thousands of other solar filaments
seem not to obey gravity, too. Also, since decades, nobody can
understand that millions of sunmasses can be ejected with almost
light-velocity via jets in the extremely strong gravity of a black hole.
Another problem is that the temperature of the solar filaments seems to
be much higher than that of the Sun i.e. the corona and other filaments
do not seem to obey the thermodynamic law that heat does not flow uphill
(Lang). And, why can we not see the "very hot" solar corona and flares
through a grey filter ?

This paper calls to mind that all these celestial bodies which do not
seem to obey gravity and thermodynamics - have a filament form.
Filaments were mysterious for decades. Now, this paper shows them not in
the fourth but in the fifth state of matter. No new and new models like
magnetic tubes, magnetic beds, magnetic tornados, shock waves,
interactions of two stellar winds are necessary only a new state of
matter for all filaments and jets up to a length of ten lightyears.
Where is the fifth state of matter in the temperature scale (Fig.1) ?
Can we find it somewhere above the plasma-range ? Calculations explain
why it has not been discovered earlier. The corona and other filaments
are well known since decades. These non-thermal bodies are the largest
and heaviest in the Universe, but they have kept their mystery till now.
For example, they have no temperature.

*Fig. 1* The cold end of the temperature scale (The low range of the
particle-energies)

DOES THE HOTTEST STAR CONSIST OF PARTICLES OF THE HIGHEST ENERGY ?

elsius´s scale (1742) did not show a coldest or hottest end (Fig.1).
However, Kelvin´s scale (1851) had a natural coldest end at 0 K where
the zig-zag motion of the particles nearly stops. Matter of a
temperature of -1 K cannot exist (Fig.1) but the Kelvin-scale does not
have its hottest end so far. However, we can find its natural hottest
end by taking the Stefan-Boltzmann law into account. The P power of the
heat-emission at T temperature of all stars is:

P = F · T^4

(1)

here F is the heat-radiation constant (6.7 · 10^-8 m^-2 K^-4 ). From its
approx. 10^9 K hot plasma, a supernova emits as much heat as a galaxy,
according to equ.1. A hypothetic "hypernova" of 10^10 K would radiate
obviously not 10 times more power than the supernova, but 10^4 = 10 000
times more ! This lost heat should have been produced by the forming of
10 000 neutron stars and not by only one neutron star. This "hypernova"
would radiate as 10 000 galaxies, which was neither observed nor shown
by a model. And what would a "hypernova" of 10^11 K or even of 10^12  K
do ? The stars have a natural upper limit in order of 10^9 K.  However,
the particles of a supernova of 10^9 K do not have the highest energy in
the Universe. Their average energy E is shown (2) if their velocity is v
and mass is m at temperature T:

(2)

where k is the Boltzmann constant: 1.38 × 10^-23 J/K. (Electrons in the
TV-beam have a particle-energy E of 26 000 electronvolt due to their
accelerator-voltage of 26 000 V. The solar surface has about 1 eV, the
solar core 2 000 eV or 15 million K.) The supernova-particles of 10^9 K
have 10^5 eV.

The temperature of the stars seemed unlimited because the energy of a
particle in the cosmic rays has no upper limit at 10^5 eV - at the
natural limit of plasma. The measured upper limit is at 10^21
electronvolt ! One such particle could elevate 16 kg into the altitude
of 1 m but a particle of the hottest star only 10^-13 mm. Where do these
cosmic ray particles originate ? Surely not in the stars ! It is easy to
calculate via equ. 1 that a "super-hypernova" should have the
fusion-power of 10^84 suns in order to have these particles of 10^21 eV
on its "plasma-surface" ! Therefore, the high energy of the cosmic ray
particles should not suggest an unlimited temperature scale in the
plasma. Rather, it shows an undiscovered process of acceleration in an
unknown celestial body. "Lots of unsolved problems...are connected with
particle acceleration" (Trimble). The cosmic ray particles are the
witnesses of celestial bodies of particle energies of 10^5 - 10^21 eV .
These bodies cannot be the stars (of maximally 10^5 eV). These celestial
bodies are the filaments (Fig. 2-9) as shown below.

PHYSICS OF THE FILAMENTS : THE FIFTH STATE OF MATTER

Calculating the heat emission, we can test whether e.g. the TV-beam (or
a proton beam) obeys equ.1? The electron current I is 0.001 A, the
voltage U is 26 000 V, therefore the power P is

P = U · I = 26 000 V · 0.001 A = 26 W

(3)

Electrons in the TV-beam have 26 000 eV i.e. 13 times higher energy than
electrons (or protons) of the solar core-plasma (2 000 eV=15 million K).
Usually, all bodies of very energetic particles were considered to be of
plasma. Does this TV-beam consist of a very energetic plasma ? If yes,
this plasma would emit the received electric power of 26 W as a
heat-power of 26 W (equ.1) !

The calculation in detail is as follows: The beam has a diameter of 0.1
mm and a length of about 500 mm, its surface is 150 mm². The solar
surface emits 63 W/mm², therefore, the TV-beam would emit 63 W/mm² · 150
mm² = 9450 W if its "temperature" would be equal to that of the solar
surface. But we must take the "temperature" of the beam of 13 · 15
million K = 195 million K into account (equ.2) ! The relation of the
"temperature" of the beam and the temperature of the solar surface is:

195 000 000K / 6000K > 180 000 000K / 6 000K = 30 000

We must take the product of 9450 W and 30 000 ^4  according to the T ^4
law (equ.1). This power is: 10^22 W and not 26 W ! About 40 000 TV-beams
of a small city would radiate more power than the whole Sun if the
TV-beam was of plasma! This impossible result proves that the TV-beam
(or an ion-beam) is no plasma body ! It does not obey the heat radiation
law (equ.1). This result can be simply understood because the
beam-electrons fly parallel to the beam-axis. The zig-zag-motion of a
plasma does not exist in it. Such particles do not emit heat,
independently of their high (or low) particle-energy. The TV uses all
its 26 W for the acceleration of its electrons and emits zero Watt heat.
Heat is emitted only by bodies of heat-motion. But the zig-zag motion in
the electrongas around the hot cathode (of some 10^-2 eV i.e.1000 K) is
smoothened by the voltage of +26 000 V to a parallel flight in the
TV-tube. This elevation of the particle energy by 6 orders transfers the
electrons from a thermal (gas-)state of matter into the non-thermal
state of matter. (Non-thermal phenomena: Conti and Underhill.)

*Fig. 2* Terrestrial filaments (Stormguy)

*Fig. 3 *Celestial (solar) filaments (TRACE)

The TV-beams, the ion-beams, sparks from electrified combs and clothes,
X-ray tubes, lightnings (Fig.2) in our everyday life do not emit heat.
In vacuum, the lightning would be invisible and smooth as the TV-beam.
With its 100 million Volt, it would emit heat as much as 10^17  suns
from its body of e.g. 3000 m³ with its very high particle energy of 10^8
eV (equ.1) ! Solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma bodies do have the
heat-motion, but these filaments do not. Above these four "thermal
states of matter" we can recognise a fifth, a "non-thermal state of
matter". A filament is a parallel flight of either electrons (Fig.2) or
ions (Fig.3). This motion of the particles is the simplest among all
states of matter. This parallel flight binds the beam-electrons strongly
together via pinch effect i.e. the electrons in flight are negative
currents. Parallel currents attract each other and look for the minimal
cross section which is the circular cross section. This can be observed
on the TV-screen and in all filaments of a diameter of 0.01 mm (in CERN)
up to many 1000 lightyear (in radiogalaxies). Coronal filaments have the
same width on the solar disc and on the limbs i.e. these ion-filaments
also have an exact circular cross section. The electrically neutral jet
of an aeroplane has no filament-state, therefore, it cannot keep its
circular cross section. Non-electric astronomy erroneously thinks that
all filaments are neutral. Therefore it needs millions of mysterious
magnetic tubes in many lengths.

THE SOLAR CORONA IS NOT HOT BUT POSITIVELY CHARGED !

THE SOLAR CORONA IS IN THE FIFTH STATE OF MATTER

Why do thousands of the solar filaments (Fig.3) have a circular cross
section (Klimchuk 1992, 1999)? Hale, Bruce, Körtvélyessy, Crew described
electric models of the Sun which is a huge thermo-element. It thermally
separates electrons and ions via equ.2. The 1836 times lighter electrons
have, in all temperatures, the same energy as the protons but a _ times
higher velocity. This charges the solar surface negatively and the core
positively. The solar wind is the electrostatic explosion of these
thermoelement-electrons, the solar filaments are the electrostatic
explosion of the surfaced positive charge. After a four years rise of
the positive charge, a solar iron-ion-filament is electro-statically
ejected from an UV-bright (positive) surface-area and lands in an
UV-dark (negative) area, named unfortunately "coronal hole". In Fig.3,
ion-filaments are ejected by the red area on the right and land on the
dark area on the left. Immediately after the ejection, the jet will be
narrow via pinch effect. ("Hot plasma" would expand as a cloud in all
directions !) For solar filaments, no "dynamo-made magnetic tubes of a
circular cross section" are necessary because the parallel flying e.g.
iron ions produce their own circular magnetic field via pinch effect.
The coronal filaments are not tubes somehow filled with million K hot
plasma; in this case the foot-point of only one coronal filament would
emit more heat than 800 000 suns (equ.1). Moreover, these "magnetic
tubes" would be strongly deformed via their transport from the dynamo to
the surface through the boiling layers (Schrijwer and Title). TRACE
clearly shows the parallel flight of iron ions, from surface to surface
(Fig.3). The ionisation does not change along the flight, therefore, no
"heating" or "cooling" occurs. This flight obeys gravity, but due to the
electric ejection, this falling cannot be measured. The ejection of a
filament is always possible in the case of the Sun or even at the black
hole because the electrostatic repulsion is 10^36  times stronger than
gravity between two protons. The electrically emitted coronal ions fly
along straight lines, they cannot emit any electromagnetic waves from
their very high motion energy, no X-ray, no UV. But they emit X-ray and
UV (Fig.3) from their electric energy via recombination of ions. This
clear difference between thermal- and non-thermal bodies eliminates all
corona-problems. The corona obeys gravity, thermodynamics. It has a
filament-form like all electrically ejected matter.

A filament can even oscillate as a bell ! A larger diameter increases
the pinch-effect, the smaller diameter increases the mutual
electrostatic repulsion among the ions in a diameter-oscillation (see
10.7 cm-oscillation). Both forces act with light velocity. This broadens
the spectral lines.

The landing filament often over-charges the negative solar gas layer and
a new filament starts from this local positive spot, see weak radial
filaments on the left in Fig.3. Also the "post flare loops" show
transformations between these two states of matter upwards and downwards.

*Fig. 4* Filaments of penumbrae (W. Lille)

*Fig. 5 *Filaments of a planetary (STScI)

RECENT ASTRONOMY FINDS MANY FILAMENTS

Galileo saw the penumbra of the sunspots. Larger telescopes show no grey
ring but 100-200 fine dark filaments around the sunspots (Fig.4).
Herschel named small, structureless and round spots "planetary nebulae",
the Hubble Space Telescope resolves about 40 fine filaments in the
Eskimo planetary-nebula (Fig. 5). Skylab detected puzzling layers of the
solar corona. SOHO and TRACE show no layers but hundreds of very fine
filaments which culminate mostly higher if their atoms are

stronger ionised (Fig. 3).

Characteristics of bodies in the fifth state of matter:

1. They all have a filament-form, their particles fly parallel to the
filament axis.

2. They mostly have particles of higher energy than those of the plasma
bodies.

3. In spite of the very high particle-energy, they all do not emit heat
(lacking heat-motion).

4. They all have a circular cross section and, therefore, a more or less
bent cylindrical body.

5. Like crystals, they have a characteristic form, also in their
smallest branches (Fig.2).

6. They can oscillate with supersonic frequencies (solar radiation on
10.7 cm ?).

7. They move as though gravity would not exist even in the very mouth of
a black hole.

8. Their electric charge is either positive or negative. Their
overbalance is never neutral .

ROSAT showed the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A as a hot, round, X-ray
emitting plasma body (Fig.6), however, Chandra reveals its about 200
fine filaments (Fig.7) which explain the missing thermal radiation and
almost gravity-free expansion via the fifth state of matter (Fig.10).
Its positive charge explains that the Crab-nebula expands by 8%
accelerated (Nugent) ! The jets of the Vela- (Fig.8) and Crab- (Fig.9)
pulsars were shown as coaxial to the rotational axis. Very strong
gravity of the pulsar cannot retard these electrically ejected
particles, moreover, the pulsars seem to be pushed by the stronger jet
with a velocity of 100 km/s and 150 km/s respectively. Radiotelescopes
show (up to 15 million lightyears long) one or two jets of radiogalaxies
and the ejected millions of sunmasses.

*Fig. 5* Cassiopeia A (ROSAT-bubbles)

*Fig. 6* Cassiopeia A (Chandra-filaments)

THE PARTICLES OF THE HIGHEST ENERGY : THE COSMIC RAYS

Cosmic ray particles have a so far clear limit at 10^21 eV. Why ?
Similar to the upper limit of the temperature scale at about 10^9 K, we
can find an upper limit of the particle energies at 10^26 eV, by 21
orders higher than the thermal limit of 10^5 eV. This can be explained
as follows:

The supernova-implosion produces a positively charged neutron star which
partly inherits the positive charge excess of the presupernova-core. The
outermost surface layer of a neutron star is covered by one layer of
protons. (A second layer cannot be fixed, it is repulsed by the first
one.) The electric charge of this " mono-proton layer" is easy to
calculate. On a sphere of an R radius of 8 km, protons are fixed via
strong nuclear force. (Their volume is less than 1 cm³ !). One proton
needs an area of (10^-15 )² m². The highest Q electric charge is given
by the relation of these areas:

_

The voltage U of this sphere is: _   (4)

Probably, this is the highest voltage of the Universe (Körtvélyessy
1999). It is easy to calculate that this very concentrated positive
charge in quick rotation produces the strongest magnetic field of the
Universe in the order of 10^10 Tesla. This electric model of the neutron
star claims that the magnetic axis is identical to the rotational axis
exactly as Fig. 8-9 show. If an atom or a meteor falls in the direction
of the neutron star, it will be attracted by the very strong gravity of
the star. But in a distance of e.g. 800 m, this falling neutral matter
will be torn to electrons and ions by the huge electrostatic field. The
electrons are attracted onto the positive surface (and remain there) and
the ions are repulsed in the jets (Fig.8-9) along lightyears,
accelerating to the highest non-light-velocities in the Universe. These
ions are the cosmic ray particles ! This model explains that the heavy
ions and not the light electrons are the cosmic ray particles
(contradicting the thermal law of equ.2 and the shock-model of the
explosion). Less than 0.1% electrons are in the cosmic rays,
inconsistently with all thermal-, mechanical- and magnetic- but
consistently with this electric-model of acceleration.

*Fig. 7 *Jets of Vela in rotational axis (Chandra)

*Fig. 8* Crab pulsar flies jetwards (Chandra)

The active (positive) Sun repulses these positive ions; their flux is
lower during solar maximum and after every flare (Forbush effect). Since
the last months, NASA speaks about a "proton storm" (and no "electron
storm" ) during a mass ejection of the Sun. These protons repulse the
positive cosmic ray particles too, and therefore, lower the terrestrial
flux of the cosmic rays.

The acceleration-force of these ions continually pushes back the star,
too. Perhaps a calculation will show a big relativistic mass of these
ions and explain the velocities of the pulsars (see arrows of 100 km/s
and 150 km/s in Fig. 8-9). (The electric repulsion-force does not stop
after the ejection !)

This electric model explains also the measured upper limit of the cosmic
rays at 10^21  eV. (Perhaps 10^22  eV will be found, too.). The
theoretic limit is 10^26  eV (equ.4). The "electric neutron star" above
can only contain a higher positive charge if it has a larger diameter
due to its mono-proton layer (equ.4). But the neutron star cannot have a
larger diameter without limit because it collapses into a black hole
already at three sunmasses. Therefore, a cosmic ray particle of an
energy of e.g. 10^30 eV cannot exist (Fig.10). The fifth state of matter
is the most energetic one because a sixth state of matter between e.g.
10^26  eV and 10^35  eV is not possible.

Fig. 9 The high ranges of the particle energies in the 3^rd , 4^th
and 5^th states of matter. Thermal bodies exist up to 10^5 eV,
non-thermal bodies up to 10^21 eV, theoretically up to 10^26 eV.
Cosmic rays are continually (not only once!) accelerated in the jets
of the neutron stars (Fig.7 and 8). ^ ^ 

REFERENCES

Hale, G E National Academy talk (1913) cited by Lang p 79

Bruce, C E R (1941) Nature _47_ p 805-806

Conti, P S and Underhill, A B (1988) O-stars... NASA SP-497 428 p

Crew, E W (1974) Nature _252_ p 539

Crew, E W (2000) The Observatory Oct. p338

Klimchuk, J A et.al (1992) PASJ 44 L 181

Klimchuk, J A (1999 Marc 25) private communication

Körtvélyessy, L (1998) The Electric Universe EFO 704 p

Körtvélyessy, L (1999) in Kippen et al.: The 5 ^th Gamma Ray Symposium
AIP p 867

Körtvélyessy, L (2001)

Lang, K R (1995) Sun... Springer 282 p

Nugent, R L (1998) PASP 110 p 831-836

Schrijwer, C J and Title A M (2001) S&T Feb. p 34, Marc p 35

Trimble, Virginia (1999 Dec 9) private communication