mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ 
For complete access to all the files of this collection
	see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php 
==========================================================

by
C.J. Ransom

"In questions of science the author- ity of a thousand is
not worth the humble reasoning of a single indivi- dual."

Galileo Galilei

"Is it not the case that at first a new idea is regarded
as not true and later, when accepted, as not being new?"

Immanuel Velikovsky
Ages in Chaos, ix, 1952.

In his writings Velikovsky contends that the solar system was not always
stable, nor is it in the same state as that in which it originated; therefore
it has a history.  The Earth, as a member of this unstable system, has
repeatedly been a participant in some discontinuous changes.  A central
feature of this theory is that these changes have occurred in many geological
epochs, as well as several times in the historical past. The agents, external
to the Earth, causing these most recent catastrophes can be identified by
analysis of ancient scientific and literary writings.  Although many of the
events reconstructed by Velikovsky in 1950 were then highly controversial, a
number of them have been either confirmed or hypothesized in recent years by
astronomers, geologists, geneticists and other scientists, without drawing
undue criticism.

A few of these "original ideas" are briefly surveyed in the following.  They 
are mentioned to show that scientific thought, no longer restricted by an 
assumption that no changes have occurred in the solar system since very early 
in its history, is leading investigators to conclusions similar to 
Velikovsky's, which were deduced from analyzing data available in I950.

Velikovsky contended that Venus originated as a protoplanet in a disruption of 
Jupiter.  The origin of comets from Jupiter has been actively investigated by 
the Russians.  In 1960 W. H. McCrea, then president of the Royal Astronomical 
Society, in an analysis of the nebular theory of the origin of the solar 
system, calculated that no planets could have originated inside the orbit of 
Jupiter.l  In the same year R. A. Lyttleton claimed that at some time in its 
history Jupiter became unstable and could relieve this condition only by 
breaking into two very unequal parts.2  More recently Mamedov has analyzed the 
orbits of hypothetical comets that originated from Jupiter.3  He also used 
computer calculations to modify and support Vsekhsvyatskiy's theory3 a of 
comet origin on or near the surface of Jupiter.4   Hills has recently 
suggested that the three outermost planets, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, were 
displaced into their present orbits by encounters with other planets.5   This 
is a consequence of his analysis of the solar nebula, which indicates that 
Jupiter and Saturn were initially the outermost planets to form in the nebula. 

It was theorized by Yamamoto, and later expanded by Lyttleton, that Pluto was 
an escaped satellite of Neptune.6  When it was found that Mercury is not fixed 
with one and the same face toward the sun, Gold concluded that the planet 
cannot have been in its orbit for more than 400,000 years- possibly less- 
which is l/lO,OOOth the assumed age of the solar system, and thus dates its 
arrival during the age of man.7

According to Velikovsky, Venus at one time had an orbit intersecting the 
orbits of some of the other planets-Mars and Earth in particular. (At present 
among the planets only Neptune and Pluto have intersecting orbits.) Venus 
nearly collided with Earth on two occasions and several times with Mars. These 
near collisions resulted in changes in the orbits of Venus, Mars, and also of 
Earth.  Lyttleton, in The Comets, diagrammed orbital changes of bodies 
influenced when passing near Jupiter.

Velikovsky predicted that the ground surface temperature of Venus would be 
found to be extremely hot (whereas the accepted value in 1950 was only a few 
degrees above mean annual temperature of Earth).  He reasoned that Venus, vio- 
lent origin, and also its encounters with other planets, must have generated a 
large amount of internal heat, and that this heat could not have been 
completely radiated away, due to the planet,s extreme youth. He explained the 
observa- tion, known in 1950, that both the day and night sides of Venus, 
cloud surface have the same temperature, namely 25- C, by maintaining that the 
planet radiates much more heat than it absorbs from the sun.9   By 1962 there 
was no doubt that this was the case.  This excess heat was not predicted by 
others and cannot be explained by the current concepts about the origin of the 
solar system.  Since the presence of this excess heat has been confirmed, 
various authors have tried to explain it by the "greenhouse effect", but it 
was shown that this is not a viable explanation.l0  One scientist proposed a 
collision of a hypothetical moon with Venus "an ad hoc theory."l1

Anomalous (retrograde) rotation and angular momentum would not be unlikely as 
a result of these encounters. In 1967 Goldstein wrote that it is necessary to 
consider twin anomalies of Venus, rotation: a retrograde direction, and 
resonance with Earth.12 Later Colombo observed that although Mercury, the moon 
and several satellites of Jupiter and Saturn have odd angular momenta, the 
behaviors of Venus and Mars are much more difficult to explain.l3

In addition to the changed angular momentum of Mars (see L. Rose on Mars, 
orbit in this issue) recent radar studies and Mariner 9 photographs reveal 
that Mars has other unexpected features.  Certain areas of the surface appear 
to be covered by recent lava flows crossed with wide faults.  In Worlds in 
Collision Veli- kovsky said that any "canals" on Mars were not constructed by 
intelligent beings, but rather are "...a result of the play of geological 
forces that answered with rifts and cracks the outer forces acting in 
collisions.,, (Doubleday edition, p. 364)  These external forces could also be 
effective mountain builders.  Although observations before 1962 were used by 
Slipher to "prove conclusively that there are no high mountains on Mars."14   
Recent studies by Goldstein 5 indicate that 13 kilometer variations exist 
between peak and valley on Mars.  Recently released photographs from Mariner 
IX look down on a "super volcano" six miles high and 310 miles wide.

Collisions of the Earth with external bodies resulting in large scale changes 
of the Earth, or collisions of other bodies within the solar system are no 
longer considered unlikely.  It has been postulated that the unexplained 
splitting of some comets may be accounted for by collisions between the comets 
and asteroids.l6  In 1959 Ewing and Worzel of Columbia University found a 
layer of white ash evenly distributed on the bottom of the oceans and ascribed 
its deposi- tion to a "fiery end of bodies of cosmic origin."  This "cometary 
collision", they wrote, "could hardly be without some recorded consequences of 
global extent."l7  In 1965 Urey suggested that a collision of the Earth and an 
external body (comet) produced violent events which caused rocky materials and 
water to leave the earth and be captured by the moon.l8  Dachillel9 and 
Gallant20 have presented calculations concerning axis changes in the Earth 
resulting from large meteorite collisions.  Thomas Gold showed that the 
terrestrial axis could be rather easily turned into a new direction by the 
application of a modest external force.2I  This change and. its possible 
effects on climate and tectonic movements are discussed. Hudson Bay and other 
large areas on the earth are being claimed to have originated in collision 
with asteroids.

The possibility of petroleum being deposited on the earth as a result of 
encounters of this nature is claimed by Wilson.22   In 1966 Oro and Han23 
contended that aromatic hydrocarbons and other hydrocarbons could be produced 
from the collision of a comet and a planet.  P.V. Smith24 has shown that 
petroleum off-shore and on-shore in the Gulf of Mexico is found in recent 
sediments and can be carbon dated. This is a surprising result if all 
petroleum was formed millions of years ago.  In Worlds in Collision it is 
suggested that at least some of the earth,s oil deposits are the result of a 
recent earth-comet collision.25 Comets are no longer regarded as insubstantial 
bodies which would cause no harm in case of collision.  Whipple has suggested 
that Pluto was once a comet.  In the past the Earth's magnetic field has 
reversed its polarity a number of times.  The geological data for this fact 
was referred to by Velikovsky in Worlds in Collision (1950) and Earth in 
Upheaval (1955).  He suggested that the cause of this phenomenon was an 
interplanetary discharge.  By 1971 physicists Durrani and Khan26 had similarly 
suggested as a cause of magnetic reversal an interaction between the Earth and 
an external body.  They claimed that tektites were deposited on portions of 
the earth at the time of the last accepted reversal.  Tektites, according to 
some authorities,27 may have been the result of an Earth-comet encounter; G.  
Baker, the leading authority on Australian tektites (australites) maintained 
that, whatever their age, they lay on the ground no more than 5000 years.29 
(Only recently it was claimed that the last magnetic reversal occurred about 
700,000 years ago; but even more recently indications were found of a reversal 
12,500 years ago,30 and other evidence from paleomagnetic study of ancient 
pottery31 previously referenced by Velikovsky32 indicates a reversal in the 
eighth century B.C.) Kennet and Watkins33 have also drawn attention to the 
correlation between polarity change, widespread faunal extinction, climatic 
changes, and maxima of volcanic activity.  Velikovsky,s original work was 
ridiculed, ignored, and then, as with all great work, it was copied, and its 
conclusions were often arrived at "independently" by other investigators 
without due credit being given to Velikovsky. Noted scientists have recently 
postulated interplanetary changes and collisions, collisions of the earth with 
external bodies, and the possibility of the very events, resulting from these
collisions, that Velikovsky described in 1950.

NOTE:  After the Footnote Section there is a contact list for
-----  further information on current Velikovskian research.

I.  W.H. McCrea, Proceedings, Royal Astronomical Society, Ser. A, Vol. 26, May

2.  R.A. Lyttleton, Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 121, #6
(1960); Man s View of the Universe (Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1961)
36.

3.  M.A. Mamedov, Mathematicheskikh Nauk, #3 (1969), 83-95.

3a. S. K. Vsekhsvyatskiy, Soviet Astronomy, Al 11, # 3 (1967),473.

4.  M.A. Mamedov, Dokl Akad Nauk Azerb, SSR Vol. 26, #6 (1970), 15-18; in
English (NASA-TT-F-13788) Avail: NTIS CSCL

5.  J.G.  Hills, "The Origin and Dynamical Evolution of the Solar System,"
Ph.D.  Thesis (Michigan University, Ann Arbor, 1969).

6.  Frontiers in Astronomy, intro by O.  Gingerich (W.H. Freeman and Co., San
Francisco 1970.  New York Times (April, 1965).

8   R.A. Lyttleton, The Comets and Their Origin (Cambridge University Press,
1953) 13.

9.  1. Velikovsky Worlds in Collision (Doubleday, 1950), 37i.

10. M H. McElroy, "Venus- A Mystery Still To Unfold," Astronautics and
Aeronautics (January, 1971), 19.

11  S.F. Singer, Science, 170 (1970), 1196.

12  R.M. Goldstein, Moon and Planets, ed.  A. Dolfus (North-Holland Publishing
Co., 1967), 126.

13. G. Colombo, ESRO Planetary Space Missions, Vol. 1: Basic Data on Planets
and Satellites (November, 1970),29.

14. E.C. Slipher, Photographic Story of Mars (Sky Publishing Corp., Cambridge,
Mass., 1962), 67.

15. Downs, et. aL, Science, 174 (1971) 1324.

16. M. Harwit, Astrophysical Journal, 151

17. Proceedin~s, National AcademY of Science, 45, # 3.

18. H.C. Urey, Science, 147 (1965), 1262-65 .

19. F. Dachille, Nature, 198 (1963), 176.

20. R.L.C. Gallant, Nature, 197 (1963), 38.

21. T. Gold, Nature, 175 (March 26, 1955), 526. Sky and Telescope, (April 1968

22. A.T. Wilson,Nature (October 6 1962 .

23. J. Oro and l. Han, Science, 15 (1966), 1393.

24. P.V. Smith, Science, 116 (October 24, 1952), 437.

25. I. Velikovsky, Worlds in Collision (Doubleday, 1950), 53.

26. S.A. Durrsni and H.A. Khan, Nature, 232 (1971), 320.

27. H.C. Utey Nature 179 (1957),556.

28. R.A. Lyttieton, P;oceedinxs, RoyalAstronomical Society, Series A, Vol. 272
(April 9, 1963), 457.

29. G. Baker, "The Present State of Knowledge of the 'Age-on-Earth' and the 
'Age- of-Formation' of Australites," Ceorgia Mineral Newsletter, 15, No.
34 (Winter, 1962), 68; Nature (January 30 1960).

30  Nature, 23i (1971), 441.

31  G. Folgheraiter, Rendi Conti deiLicei (1896, 1889). Archives des sciences 
physiques et naturellas (Geneva, 1899); Journal de physique (1899); P. L.
Mercanton, "La methode de Folgheraiter et son role in geophysique,,,
Archives des sciences physiques ct naturellas (1907).

32  1. Velikovsky, Earth in Upheaval (Doubleday, 1955), 146.

33. J .P. Kennet and N .D . Watkins. Nat ure, 227 (1970),930.

Dr. C.J. Ransom, a plasma physicist, has
taught at the University of Texas. Currently
he works in the Electro-optics and Recon-
naissance Group of General Dynamics, Con-
vair Aerospace Division, Fort Worth, Texas.
He teaches a course in Velikovsky theory at
Texas Christian University, and has lectured
on the subject at other universities in Texas,
Switzerland, Germany, and England.

reprinted with permission from Pensee journal
May 1972

/////90 MINUTE VIDEO DOCUMENTARY\\\\\

Kronia communications  has  completed  a 90 minute video documentary on
"Saturn  Myth"  author  Dave   Talbot's   startling  discoveries  about
destructive  perturbations  in  the  planetary arrangement of the solar
system.  "Remembering the End  of  the World" give a clear insight into
the very different world that  ancient peoples inhabited and told about
in their  myths  and  art.   The  video  is  profusely illustrated with
computer animation and a beautiful gallery of archaeological photos and
ancient art.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Direct inquiries about ordering to our toll free number  1-800-230-9347
Internet: http://www.kronia.com/~kronia     email: inquiries at kronia.com
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

///// CONTEMPORARY VELIKOVSKIAN SCHOLARSHIP \\\\\

On Nov. 26, 1994, Portland, Oregon hosted an international symposium on
ancient myth and  modern  astronomy dedicated to the pioneering work of
Immanuel  Velikovsky, author  of   "Worlds  In  Collision".    Over  20
researchers  spoke  on   the   need   for   a  reinterpretation  of the
archaeological, astronomical, geological and anthropological records in
light of growing evidence  that  The  Earth's  recent history witnessed
catastrophic encounters  with  a  number  of  planetary  and comet-like
bodies.   Kronia  Communications  is  making  the proceedings  of  that
symposium available  both  on  audio  cassette and as ASCII text 3 1/2"
diskettes.  We also have a collection of representative text files from
the pages of  historic  and  ongoing  Velikovskian  journals  including
Pensee,  Kronos, The Velikovskian,  AEON, SIS Review and  Catastrophe &
Ancient History.   A partial list of the contributors and their bios is
below.  Prices are as follows:

20 Cassette set of audio tapes from the International Symposium:
"VELIKOVSKY- ANCIENT MYTH AND MODERN ASTRONOMY"           $60.00

PROCEEDINGS on 3 1/2" IBM floppy- ASCII text, no illustrations
$10.00

30 + ARTICLES from the above journals on floppy           $10.00

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
KRONIA, box 403, Beaverton, Or  97008        email: walter at teleport.com
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

///////\\\\\\\

AEON is a journal of science devoted  to the collection and exploration
of archaeo-astronomical traditions  and  analysis of common patterns in
ancient myths from around the world.  Topics include:

Reconstruction of standard archaeological dating systems

Evidence for cataclysmic evolution and extinction

Common elements in the myths of  the planets, the Deluge and comet-like
dieties associated  with  quakes,  volcanos,  tempests  conflagrations,
ice ages, plagues,  mass  destruction  and  migration  in Egypt, India,
Assyria, Akkadia, Chaldea,  Medea, Minoa, Sumeria, Judea, Greece, Rome,
Babylon, Persia,  China,  S.E.  Asia,  the  Pacific,  Scandanavia,  the
Americas and among contemporary native peoples.

Please send all manuscripts and inquiries to:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
AEON, 601 Hayward St., Ames, IA, 50014.              email:  ev at eai.com
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

///////\\\\\\\

THE VELIKOVSKIAN is a  journal  devoted  to  Myth, History and Science.
Topics have included:  origin  of  the Moon,  ice core dating evidence,
the suppression  of  science,  the  nature  of Venus' heat, gravity and
electrical properties in  space,  ancient maps, "dark matter", calendar
dating, planetary magnetic  fields,  the  dating of ancient ruins, etc.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
THE VELIKOVSKIAN,  65-35 108TH St.,  Ste D15,  Forrest Hills, NY  11375
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

///////\\\\\\\

SIS- THE SOCIETY FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY  STUDY REVIEW is a journal about
chronology and catastrophism-  the  evidence for catastrophic events in
archaeology,  history,  anthropology,  and  evolution.    Other  topics
include: celestial  mechanics,  myth  and  tradition,  historic dating,
erratic events in the Solar System, meteors, ancient planetary dieties,
problems and new interpretations in  Greek, Persian, Hebraic, Egyptian,
Babylonian history, etc.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SIS  REVIEW,  10  Witley  Green,   Darley  Heights,  Stopsley  LU2 8TR,
Bedfordshire,England
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

///////\\\\\\\

SCIENCE FRONTIERS- William Corliss'  bimonthly collection of digests of
scientific anomalies  in  the  current  literature.   Hundreds of short
abstracts in many  areas  including:  Archaeology,  Astronomy, Biology,
Geology, Geophysics,  Psychology,  Physics,  Chemistry, Mathematics and
Esoterica

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
THE  SOURCEBOOK  PROJECT,       P. O. Box  107,  Glen  Arm,  MD   21057
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

///////\\\\\\\

Speaker Biographies - International Symposium
"VELIIKOVSKY- ANCIENT MYTH AND MODERN SCIENCE"

DWARDU CARDONA-  Electrical  engineer,   founder  Canadian  Society  of
Interdisciplinary  Studies,  senior  editor  of  AEON.   Researcher and
prolific writer  on  comparative  mythology  having  published over 100
articles in various journals.

VICTOR CLUBE- Dean of the astrophysics department at Oxford University,
England.  Co-author of two books, "Cosmic Serpent" and "Cosmic Winter",
claiming that major  cometary  disasters  have occurred within historic
times, devastating early  civilizations.   His current work is aimed at
alerting government agencies to such perils as comet Shoemaker/Levy and
encouraging  governments  to  mobilize  the  technologies  necessary to
identify  potential  cometary  intruders  and  to  provide  terrestrial
defenses against them.

EV COCHRANE- Associate  Editor  Kronos;  executive editor and publisher
AEON; published many  articles  in  Kronos  and  AEON  from comparative
mythology,  to  planet/comet  catastrophism  and  biological evolution;
currently finishing major work: "The Many Faces of Venus".

VINE DELORIA- An American Indian  activist, lawyer, historian, educator
author screen writer and consultant.   He is author of "Custer Died For
Your Sins",  "God Is Red",  "Indians  of  The  Pacific Northwest", "The
Nations Within", and 10 other  books  on native peoples issues.  He has
served on the editorial boards  of the American Historical Society, the
National Geographic  Society,  the  American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language, the Journal of International and Comparative Law, and
over 15  other  publications.   He  has  over  5  honorary degrees, has
authored 8 special government  reports on Indian affairs., and has over
100  periodical  articles  including  articles  in  Pensee  and Kronos.

ROBERT DRISCOLL- Graduated Caltech  (physics) and Case Tech (mechanical
engineering)  (cum laude);  author  "Unified Theory of Ether, Field and
Matter", 1964; member  American  Physical  Society  and his articles on
physics have appeared in The Bulletin of the American Physical Society,
Hadronic Journal,  Physics  Essays,  AEON,  author  of numerous journal
articles.

CHARLES GINENTHAL- Editor-in-Chief,  The  Velikovskian;; contributor to
Kronos, AEON, Meta Research Bulletin;  author: "Carl Sagan and Immanuel
Velikovsky"  and   "The  Continuing   Velikovsky   Affair:  The  Second
Generation".   Charles  is   also   working  on  a  cosmology  invoking
electromagnetism as  a  counterforce  to  gravity in interplanetary and
interstellar space.

ROBERT GRUBAUGH-  Structural  Dynamicist  1967-1990  at  TRW  Ballistic
Missiles  Division,   San  Bernardino  CA,   Section Chief,  Department
Manager, Senior Staff  Engineer-  Analyzed  trajectories in relation to
stipulated orbital conditions; inventor of a rotational shock measuring
device, now being used by the Japanese for earthquake measuring.

RICHARD HEINBERG- Velikovsky's  personal  assistant  and  editor of his
unpublished manuscripts.  Heinberg's  popular book, "Memories & Visions
of Paradise" was hailed by  Jean  Houston (noted authority on the great
religions) as "...a new classic  in  the  study of the world's psyche."
He  is also  the author  of two  other  books  and numerous articles on
mythology, anthropology, and ecology.

GUNNAR HEINSOHN- Masters Sociology 1971, Doctorate Social Sciences 1973,
Doctorate Economics 1982, Freie Universitat,  Berlin; tenured Professor,
University of Bremen 1984.    Author  of  over 15 books and 300 articles
since 1969 in the fields of history, economics, theory and chronology of
civilization, the separation of  modern man from Neanderthal, Bronze Age
Mesopotamian civilization, Greek city state economics, origins of Jewish
monotheism,  recontructions  and  revisions  of  Mesopotamian, Egyptian,
Akhaemenid and Indus-Valley civilizations, the European witch hunts, and
the 20th century Jewish Holocaust.

EARL MILTON-  BS 1956, MS inorganic  chemistry 1958, doctorate gas phase
spectroscopy  University  of  Lethbridge,  Montreal; staff University of
Saskatchewan, photometrics  of  the  aurora  borealis;  founding faculty
member and head Centennial University  at Lethbridge where he engaged in
laboratory research on the aurora  and  stellar spectra and developed an
all-electric theory governing  cosmic  and terrestrial events; currently
completing manuscripts on astro-catastrophism including collaboration on
an  Encyclopedia   of   Quantavolution   and   Catastrophes;  editor  of
"Recollections of a Fallen  Sky,  Velikovsky  and Cultural Amnesia"  and
co-author of "Solaria Binaria:  Origins and History of the Solar System"

WILLIAM MULLEN- Recognized  as  one  of the world's leading classicists,
Dr.  Mullen  is  currently   Professor  of  Classics  at  Bard  College.
Undergraduate  study-  Harvard,  Magna  cum  Laude,  Phi Beta Kappa, and
Bowdoin prize for best undergraduate essay; Ph.D. University of Texas at
Austin;  Assistant  Professor  of  Classics,  University  of California,
Berkeley.   Dr. Mullen  is  the  author  of "Choreia; Pindar, and Dance"
(Princeton  University  Press,  1982),  and  articles on "Dithyramb" and
"Choral  Dancing,"  in  the  "INTERNATIONAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF DANCE," in
addition to many other articles and published works.

DONALD PATTEN- B.A. and M.A. degrees in geography from the University of
Washington.   Author of The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch (1966), The
Long Day of Joshua and Six Other Catastrophes (1973),  and Catastrophism
and the Old Testament (1987).   He is also a principal in the production
of two videos, "Cataclysm From  Space  2800  B.C." and "The Discovery of
Noah's Ark."

LYNN E. ROSE- Professor of  philosophy,  State University of New York at
Buffalo; B.A. cum laude, Ohio State University, 1955, in ancient history
and Classical  Languages  (Greek),  Phi Beta Kappa; .M.A. in Philosophy,
Ohio  State  University,  1957;  Ph.D.  in   Philosophy,  University  of
Pennsylvania, Author of over a  half-dozen books on Classics and several
dozen journal articles.

DAVID TALBOTT-  Founder  and  publisher  of  Pensee magazine's ten-issue
series,  "Immanuel  Velikovsky   Reconsidered,"  which  helped  to spark
international  interest  in  Velikovsky's  work  in  the  mid seventies.
Author of "The  Saturn  Myth"  (Doubleday, 1980),  and  founder  of  the
journal AEON:  A Symposium on Myth and Science.

WALLACE THORNHILL- computer systems engineer with IBM and the Australian
Government;  postgraduate  Astrophysics  studies  at Queen Mary College,
University of London;  papers  on  Venus  and  the  origin of chondritic
meteorites have been published  in  the UK Society for Interdisciplinary
Studies (SIS) Review  and  the  Proceedings  of  the National Australian
Convention of Amateur Astronomers; Past committee member of SIS.

ROGER W. WESCOTT- B.A. Princeton,  (linguistics, summa cum laude); Ph.D.
Princeton, linguistics 1948; Rhodes  Scholar; anthropological field work
in  Nigeria;  director   African   Language   Program,   Michigan  State
University.; Author of over 40  books  and 400 articles; listed in Who's
Who; Professor of Linguistics in the Humanities Division of the Graduate
School and Professor of  Anthropology  in the Social Science Division of
the College of Liberal Arts  at  Drew University in Madison, New Jersey;
first holder of The  Endowed  Chair  of  Excellence in Humanities at the
University of Tennessee.; current President of the International Society
for the Comparative Study of Civilizations.

SAMUEL WINDSOR- Windsor is a  mechanical engineer previously employed by
Boeing and by the Department of the Navy in building nuclear submarines.
Currently  working  as  a  naval  architect  and  marine  engineer.  His
essays have appeared in  the  journals Catastrophism and Ancient History
and AEON.

TOM VAN FLANDERN- Phd  1969  Yale,  celestial mechanics; former director
U. S.   Naval  Observatory,   Celestial  Mechanics  Branch;  teacher  of
astronomy and  consultant  to  the  Jet  Propulsion Laboratory; frequent
contributor to  scholarly  technical  journals  and astronomy magazines.
Author- "Dark Matter, Missing Planets, & New Comets".

DUANE VORHEES-  Doctorate in American Culture Studies from Bowling Green
State University.   His  dissertation  was  "A Cultural and Intellectual
Biography of Immanuel  Velikovsky."    Dr. Vorhees is currently with the
University  of  Maryland,  Asia  Division,  teaching  American  History,
literature and related courses.   He  is the author of numerous articles
in Kronos and AEON.

IRVING WOLFE- B.A.  English  and  Philosophy  1956,  M.A.  English 1958,
doctorate Drama 1970  McGill  University,  Montreal; Professor of Drama,
McGill University 1978  to  present;  author  of over 25 articles and 50
papers on Velikovsky and the role  of  global catastrophe in the shaping
of ancient  and  contemporary   dramatic  themes,  in  the  formation of
cultural amnesia, in the creation  of world religions and other forms of
collective  behavior;  frequent   lecturer  and  consultant  outside the
university.

NANCY OWEN-  B.S Michegan  State  University,  M.E. University of Texas;
author  "Astronomical  Events  on  the  Dates  of  the Dresden Codex" and
"Archeoastronomy  in  Pre-Columbian  America",   contributed  papers  to
Sobretiro de:  Estudios  de  Cultura  Maya  Vol VIII,   SIS Review, , Il
Coloquio Internacional de Mayistas,  ESOP, Memorias del Primera Coloqueo
Internacional de Mayistas;  presented  papers  at  the Museum of Natural
History, NY, AAAS- Mexico City.

ERIC MILLER-  Poet, playwright, writer;  former Trustee of Island Campus
(Pacific  Institute  for  Advanced  Studies);   correspondent  with  and
performed research for I. Velikovsky; author of "Passion for Murder: The
Homicidal Deeds  of  Dr. Sigmund  Freud"  (1985 New Directions),  "Venus
Worship  In  Ancient  China"  (manuscript),  "The  Errors  of  Einstein"
(manuscript).

CHARLES RASPIL-  B.A. Political  Science.  1967,  City  College  of  NY;
currently working as a  Fair Hearing  representative for the City of New
York;  published  in  Horus,   The  Velikovskian,  Proceedings   of  the
International Forum on New Science.